Hay fever, also known as allergic rhinitis, is an allergic response to specific allergens. Some people are allergic to pollen from trees and grasses, for instance, which are most common in the spring. Symptoms often include sneezing, itchy or watery eyes, a runny or stuffy nose, and an itchy throat. Despite its name, hay fever does not mean that sufferers are allergic to hay and have a fever. The term ‘hay fever’ is somewhat a misnomer. Hay is hardly ever a trigger, and it does not cause a fever. The condition is usually treated with antihistamine medications.
Causes of Hay fever
Hay fever, also known as allergic rhinitis, is an allergic reaction that happens when your immune system overreacts to particles in the air that you breathe. It is typically caused by allergens in the environment. Here are the common causes of hay fever:
1. Pollen from trees, grasses, and weeds: This is the most common trigger. The time of year it happens depends on what kind of plant the pollen comes from. Pollen is more common in the air during certain times of the year.
2. Dust mites: These are tiny insects that live all around us. They are common in the house and thrive in furniture like beds and sofas.
3. Mold: This fungus thrives in wet, humid areas like bathrooms and basements. Outdoor molds may be on fallen leaves and in compost heaps.
4. Pet dander: This is tiny flecks of skin shed by cats, dogs, and other animals with fur or feathers. Dander can remain airborne for a long time and can easily make its way into your lungs.
5. Cockroaches: Both cockroaches and their droppings can trigger allergies, particularly in urban areas or in places where sanitation is poor.
In response to these triggers, your immune system mistakenly identifies these harmless substances as harmful invaders and releases chemicals such as histamines to fight them. This results in symptoms like a runny nose, itchy or watery eyes, sneezing, coughing, dark circles under the eyes, and frequent headaches.
Risk Factors of Hay fever
Hay fever, also known as allergic rhinitis, has several potential risk factors:
1. Genetics: If one or both of your parents have hay fever, you are more likely to have it as well.
2. Other Allergies: If you have other allergies, such as food allergies or eczema, you are more likely to also have hay fever.
3. Asthma: Those with asthma are much more likely to also have hay fever.
4. Age: Hay fever often begins in childhood or during the teenage years, but it can start at any time of life.
5. Gender: During childhood, males are more likely to have hay fever.
6. Birth Order: Being born earlier in your family’s birth order may increase your risk of developing hay fever.
7. Exposure to Smoke: Exposure to tobacco smoke during infancy or early childhood can increase your risk of developing hay fever.
8. Living Environment: Hay fever tends to be more common in people who live in environments that have high exposure to allergens, such as dust mites, animal dander, and seasonal pollens.
Remember, these are risk factors, not causes. Having one or more of these risk factors does not guarantee that you will get hay fever, it just increases the chances. Also, people who don’t have any of these risk factors can still get hay fever.
Signs and Symptoms of Hay fever
Hay fever, also known as allergic rhinitis, is an allergic reaction to airborne substances such as pollen. Here are some common signs and symptoms of hay fever:
1. Sneezing: This is often a first sign of hay fever and can be quite frequent.
2. Runny or Stuffy Nose: Allergens can cause an irritating, constant runny nose or can make the nose blocked.
3. Itchy or Watery Eyes: The eyes may feel itchy and look red due to allergens, and they can also water profusely.
4. Cough: A persistent cough can be caused by postnasal drip, where mucus from the nose runs down the back of the throat.
5. Itchy Throat, Mouth, Nose, and Ears: The same reaction that causes the itching in your eyes can also cause itchy nose, mouth, throat, and ears.
6. Decreased Sense of Smell: In severe cases, hay fever sufferers may find their sense of smell is affected.
7. Fatigue: The poor quality of sleep resulting from symptoms can lead to feeling tired or fatigued during the day.
8. Postnasal drip: This is when extra mucus drips down the back of the throat.
9. Headache: This can result from ongoing sinus pressure.
Remember, hay fever symptoms can vary greatly from person to person, and not everyone will experience all of these symptoms. It’s also crucial to note that these symptoms can also occur in other conditions, such as the common cold, so it’s important to seek medical advice for a correct diagnosis, especially if these symptoms persist or severely affect quality of life.
Diagnosis Hay fever
Hay fever, also known as allergic rhinitis, is a type of inflammation in the nose which occurs when the immune system overreacts to allergens in the air. These allergens could include various outdoor elements like pollen from trees, grass, and weeds, as well as indoor substances like dust mites, mold, and pet dander.
Signs and symptoms of hay fever can comprise a runny or stuffy nose, itching or watering eyes, sneezing, and coughing. Some people may also experience fatigue, irritability, and an impaired sense of smell or taste.
Hay fever is usually diagnosed by doctors on the basis of a physical exam along with the patient’s symptoms and their timing and duration. In some cases, allergy tests may be done to identify specific allergens.
The best way to manage hay fever is by reducing the exposure to allergens, but this might not always be possible. Therefore, certain over-the-counter or prescription medications may also be used to alleviate symptoms. These could include antihistamines, decongestants, nasal corticosteroids, and more. In severe cases, immunotherapy or allergy shots may be recommended.
Treatment of Hay fever
Hay fever, also known as allergic rhinitis, can be managed with both non-medical and medical approaches.
Non-medical approaches include:
1. Avoidance: This is the most effective way to treat hay fever. Try to avoid exposure to allergens like pollen, dust, mold, etc., which cause hay fever.
2. Nasal irrigation: Rinsing the nasal pathways with a saline solution can provide relief.
Medical treatment options include:
1. Oral Antihistamines: These are commonly used to treat hay fever. They block the action of the histamine, a substance in the body that causes allergic symptoms.
2. Nasal Sprays: These can help with itching, sneezing and a runny nose. Steroid nasal sprays can reduce inflammation and congestion.
3. Eye Drops: These can relieve itchy, watery eyes.
4. Allergy Shots (Immunotherapy): This treatment involves gradually increasing doses of the allergen to which the person is allergic. The incremental increases of the allergen cause the immune system to become less sensitive to the substance, probably by causing production of a “blocking” antibody, which reduces the symptoms of hay fever when the substance is encountered in the future.
5. Medications: Leukotriene inhibitors can help by blocking the action of leukotrienes, chemicals in the body that cause an allergic reaction.
Simple home remedies such as staying well-hydrated, using a humidifier, and taking a hot shower can be helpful too. As with any medical condition, it is always advised to seek a doctor’s opinion to help manage allergic rhinitis or hay fever. The doctor may recommend a combination of treatments to manage the symptoms effectively.
Medications commonly used for Hay fever
Hay fever, or allergic rhinitis, is typically treated with a number of different medications, including:
1. Antihistamines: These are the most common types of medication used to treat hay fever. They work by blocking the action of the chemical histamine, which the body releases when it thinks it’s under attack from an allergen. This stops the symptoms of the allergic reaction. Examples include cetirizine, loratadine, and fexofenadine.
2. Nasal corticosteroids: These are nasal sprays that help to reduce inflammation in the nose. They are very effective for relieving all symptoms of hay fever, including itching, sneezing, and congestion. Examples include fluticasone, mometasone, and budesonide.
3. Decongestants: These can help to relieve a blocked nose which is often a symptom of hay fever. They reduce swelling in the nasal passages making it easier to breathe. Examples include pseudoephedrine and phenylephrine.
4. Leukotriene modifiers: They block the effects of leukotrienes, chemicals produced in the body in response to an allergic reaction. Montelukast is one example.
5. Nasal ipratropium: It helps to control the amount of nasal secretions produced, thereby reducing symptoms such as a runny nose.
6. Immunotherapy: If other treatments aren’t effective, your doctor might suggest immunotherapy, which involves gradually increasing exposure to allergens to build up your body’s tolerance.
Please consult a healthcare professional to discuss about which medication is best suited for your specific needs and symptoms. This advice is intended as a general overview and does not replace professional medical advice.
Prevention of Hay fever
Hay fever, also known as allergic rhinitis, is often caused by allergens such as pollen, dust mites, or mold. While it’s not always possible to avoid these allergens completely, following these techniques may help reduce exposure and alleviate symptoms:
1. Stay Indoors: One of the most effective strategies, especially during high pollen count seasons, usually in spring and early summer. Also, wind can carry pollen, so windy days may cause more problems for hay fever sufferers.
2. Use Air Filters: Air conditioning at home and in the car can filter out many allergens and also reduce humidity, which can help with dust mites and mold.
3. Wear Sunglasses: Wearing sunglasses can prevent pollen from entering the eyes and triggering an allergic reaction.
4. Clean Regularly: Regular cleaning of your home to decrease dust mites and mould spores can help. Pay extra attention to areas that attract dust, like carpets and fabric-covered furniture.
5. Avoid Hanging Laundry Outside: While many people like to hang their laundry outside to dry, for someone with hay fever, this presents an easy way for pollen to attach itself to your clothes.
6. Shower and Change Clothes: After being outside, showering and changing clothes can help remove pollen.
7. Modifying Your Diet: Some studies suggest that a diet rich in omega-3 fatty acids and antioxidants may help to control hay fever symptoms.
8: Use a Dehumidifier: These devices can help keep the air in your home dry, which discourages the growth of mold and dust mites.
9. Use Over-the-Counter Medication: On advice from a pharmacist, certain over-the-counter medication like antihistamines can help to control hay fever symptoms.
10. Exercise Regularly: Regular exercise can strengthen your immune system and may help to reduce the severity of hay fever symptoms.
As stated, prevention isn’t always possible, so consult with a healthcare provider for personal advice on managing symptoms. Immunotherapy, a treatment to desensitize the immune system to allergens, might be recommended in severe or persistent cases.
FAQ’s about Hay fever
1. What is Hay Fever?
Hay Fever, also known as allergic rhinitis, is an allergic reaction to certain allergens such as pollen, dust mites or pet dander. It typically causes cold-like symptoms such as sneezing, itchiness and a blocked or runny nose.
2. What Causes Hay Fever?
Hay Fever is caused by an allergic response to outdoor or indoor allergens such as pollen, dust mites, or tiny flecks of skin and saliva shed by cats, dogs, and other animals with fur or feathers (pet dander).
3. What are the symptoms of Hay Fever?
Symptoms of Hay Fever can include sneezing, runny or blocked nose, itchy eyes, mouth or skin, headache and tiredness.
4. How is Hay Fever diagnosed?
Hay Fever can be diagnosed by a GP based on your symptoms and the time of year they occur. If required, they may refer you for allergy testing.
5. How is Hay Fever treated?
While there is no cure for Hay Fever, symptoms can be relieved with treatment. This includes avoidance of allergens, use of antihistamines to prevent an allergic reaction, steroids to reduce inflammation and swelling, and in some cases, immunotherapy.
6. Can Hay Fever be prevented?
It’s not possible to completely prevent Hay Fever, but you can minimize your symptoms by reducing your exposure to the allergens that cause your reactions. This can include staying indoors during high pollen count days or using air purifiers to reduce indoor allergens.
7. Is Hay Fever seasonal?
Yes, Hay Fever can be seasonal (occurring at specific times of the year) or perennial (occurring all year round). Seasonal Hay Fever is usually caused by an allergy to tree or grass pollen, while perennial Hay Fever is usually caused by an allergy to dust mites, mold, or pet dander.
8. Can children get Hay Fever?
Yes, children can develop Hay Fever. It usually starts in the early teens and peaks in the 20’s and 30’s. However, it can occur at any age.
9. Is Hay Fever dangerous?
Hay Fever itself isn’t an immediate, serious health risk. However, it can affect your quality of life and performance at school or work. It can also exacerbate other respiratory conditions, like asthma.
10. Can Hay Fever be cured?
There’s currently no cure for Hay Fever. However, treatments can help manage the symptoms. In some cases, children may outgrow their allergies.
Useful links
Hay fever, also known as allergic rhinitis, is an allergic reaction to allergens such as dust, mold, or pollen. It’s most commonly characterized by a runny or stuffy nose, sneezing, itchy or watery eyes, and itching of the nose, throat or mouth.
Here are some journal articles and useful links to learn more about the condition:
Remember, while these articles can provide valuable insights, professional medical advice should always be sought in matters relating to health and well-being.
Complications of Hay fever
Hay fever, also known as allergic rhinitis, is an allergic reaction that occurs when your immune system overreacts to particles in the air that you breathe—you are allergic to them. Your immune system attacks the particles in your body, causing symptoms such as sneezing, a runny nose and watery eyes.
Below are some complications that may arise from hay fever:
1. Reduced Quality of Life: Hay fever can make you feel miserable. You may feel tired, be unable to concentrate, and perform worse at work or school.
2. Poor Sleep: The symptoms of hay fever can interfere with your sleep and cause you to lose sleep. This can lead to fatigue and a general feeling of being unwell (malaise).
3. Worsened Asthma: Hay fever can worsen conditions such as asthma and can lead to shortness of breath, chest tightness and coughing.
4. Sinusitis: Long-term hay fever can cause sinusitis, an inflammation or infection of the membrane that lines the sinuses.
5. Ear Infections: In children, hay fever often is a factor in middle ear infection (otitis media).
To manage symptoms of hay fever, one can take over-the-counter or prescription antihistamines, nasal steroids, or decongestants. Allergy shots (immunotherapy) and steroid nasal sprays are other potential options. If the symptoms persist, it might be beneficial to see an allergist.
Home remedies of Hay fever
Hay fever, also known as allergic rhinitis, is a type of inflammation in the nose which occurs when the immune system overreacts to allergens in the air. Here are some home remedies you can try to ease the symptoms. However, always seek medical advice if symptoms persist or are severe.
1. Nasal Irrigation: A nasal rinse can help remove mucus and allergens from your nose. You can use a neti pot or squeeze bottle for this.
2. Honey: Some people find that locally produced honey can help to reduce hay fever symptoms. However, the scientific evidence to support this is currently limited.
3. Vitamin C: High in antioxidants, vitamin C might help to reduce allergic reactions. You can find it in fruits like oranges, lemons, and grapefruits.
4. Quercetin: Quercetin can help to reduce the release of histamines, which cause allergic reactions. You can find it in foods like onions, garlic, apples, berries, and cabbage.
5. Green Tea: Some studies suggest that a compound found in green tea called methylated epigallocatechin gallate can inhibit immune responses and allergic reactions, making green tea a potential natural remedy for hayfever.
6. Herbal Medicine like Stinging Nettle: Stinging nettle leaf is a natural antihistamine that may help reduce symptoms of hay fever.
7. Hydration: Drinking a lot of fluids can also help to thin the mucus in your nasal passages and may offer relief.
8. Steam Inhalation: Inhaling steam can help keep your nose clear.
9. Avoid allergen exposure: Keep windows and doors shut in your car and home, avoid mowing lawns or raking leaves.
10. Air filters: To help remove allergens in the air, use high-efficiency particulate air (HEPA) filters in your bedroom and other rooms where you spend a lot of time.
11. Acupuncture: While it’s not something you can do at home, some people find relief from allergic symptoms through acupuncture.
Remember, it’s important to consult your doctor or a healthcare professional before starting any new treatment. They will be able to advise you on the most effective and safe methods for managing hayfever and can give the all-clear to try any home remedies.