Recent research published in ‘Advances in Protein Chemistry and Structural Biology’ presents fascinating insights into the roles of intrinsic disorder in proteins—a field increasingly regarded as a new frontier in proteomics and molecular biology. This research sheds light on intrinsically disordered proteins (IDPs) and regions (IDRs), which, unlike conventional systems, lack stable tertiary structures. Vladimir N. Uversky from the Department of Molecular Medicine and USF Health Byrd Alzheimer’s Research Institute at the Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, navigates the emerging landscape of functional unfoldomics, unveiling the importance of these proteins’ roles in cellular pathways and biological processes. The DOI for this momentous study is 10.1016/bs.apcsb.2023.11.001.
The Concept of Unfoldomes and Unfoldomics
Unfoldomes and unfoldomics are terms that refer to the complete set of IDPs/IDRs within a proteome, as well as the study and characterization of these entities, respectively. This review, published on January 16, 2024, proposes an unprecedented look at the dynamic structures of IDPs/IDRs, known as the ‘unfoldomes.’ These proteins reject the classical notion of a lock and key mechanism, operating instead as structural chameleons that embody various degrees of (dis)order, making up a complex mosaic of structural elements.
Structure-Function Continuum in IDPs/IDRs
Uversky introduces the concept of a structure-function continuum in IDPs/IDRs, describing a spectrum where structure is influenced by the level of (dis)order and function is derived from the capabilities of these structural variants. IDPs/IDRs are composed of foldons, inducible foldons, morphing foldons, non-foldons, semifoldons, and unfoldons, each contributing to their multifunctional nature. The result is a paradigm where the lack of a fixed 3D structure is not a handicap but a functional asset.
Multifunctionality and Structural Heterogeneity
Unlike structured proteins, IDPs and IDRs showcase an impressive degree of structural flexibility and heterogeneity, a key factor contributing to their multifunctionality. They serve a variety of functions in recognition, signaling, and control of cellular processes. The ability of IDPs/IDRs to execute multiple roles stems from their dynamic structural states, which enable them to interact with diverse molecular partners and pathways.
Interaction Specialists
IDPs/IDRs act as ‘interaction specialists,’ capitalizing on a wide array of mechanisms to engage with other molecules. This includes modulating their structure to facilitate binding, accommodating posttranslational modifications, and participating in liquid-liquid phase transitions that lay the foundation for proteinaceous membrane-less organelles.
Liquid-Liquid Phase Separation and Membrane-less Organelles
A groundbreaking aspect of IDP/IDR functionality is their involvement in the biogenesis of numerous membrane-less organelles through liquid-liquid phase separation—a process akin to the separation of oil and water. These organelles, while lacking a membrane, are crucial cellular compartments that orchestrate various biochemical processes.
Implications for Disease and Therapeutics
Uversky’s exploration also delves into the pathological implications of IDPs/IDRs. Given their pivotal roles in cellular function, malfunctions or misfoldings within these proteins have been associated with numerous diseases, particularly neurodegenerative disorders. Therefore, understanding the principles governing their structures and interactions could pave the way for novel therapeutic approaches.
Forging Ahead in Protein Research
Building upon decades of protein research that predominantly focused on well-ordered structures, this review under Uversky’s guidance heralds a paradigm shift. It demonstrates the centrality of disorder in function and opens avenues for innovative research into the proteome’s more enigmatic constituents.
Keywords
1. Intrinsically Disordered Proteins
2. Protein Structure-Function Continuum
3. Liquid-Liquid Phase Separation
4. Membrane-less Organelles
5. Multifunctional Proteins
References
1. Uversky, V. N. (2024). Functional unfoldomics: Roles of intrinsic disorder in protein (multi)functionality. Advances in Protein Chemistry and Structural Biology, 138, 179-210. doi:10.1016/bs.apcsb.2023.11.001
2. Wright, P. E., & Dyson, H. J. (2015). Intrinsically disordered proteins in cellular signalling and regulation. Nature Reviews Molecular Cell Biology, 16(1), 18-29.
3. Tompa, P. (2012). Intrinsically disordered proteins: a 10-year recap. Trends in Biochemical Sciences, 37(12), 509-516.
4. Babu, M. M., van der Lee, R., de Groot, N. S., & Gsponer, J. (2011). Intrinsically disordered proteins: regulation and disease. Current Opinion in Structural Biology, 21(3), 432-440.
5. Uversky, V. N., & Dunker, A. K. (2010). Understanding protein non-folding. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) – Proteins and Proteomics, 1804(6), 1231-1264.
This extensive review illuminates the paradoxical world of IDPs/IDRs, urging the scientific community to embrace a more expansive understanding of protein functionality. The intricate mechanisms by which these ‘unstructured’ proteins operate not only challenge long-held assumptions in biochemistry but also underscore the incredible adaptability and versatility at the heart of cellular life.